Chapter 4
Chapter 4 - Planning and the Arts
A summary of the key concepts in the chapter
A lesson on looking, Amy Herman, October 2018 (12:50)
“Are you looking closely? Visual educator Amy Herman explains how to use art to enhance your powers of perception and find connections where they may not be apparent. Learn the techniques Herman uses to train Navy SEALs, doctors and crime scene investigators to convert observable details into actionable knowledge with this insightful talk.”
Anne Parsons President and Chief Executive Officer Detroit Symphony Orchestra, October 7, 2020 (14:01)
“Detroit Symphony Orchestra’s President and CEO Anne Parsons tells One to One how the DSO has been adapting to the pandemic, from streaming its archives in the spring, to live outdoor concerts in the summer, to the current concerts on the stage of an empty Orchestra Hall, conducted by new Music Director Jader Bignamini.”
VUCA Environments – Introduction, September 23, 2016 (7:15)
Over the past few decades, an acronym has emerged within the business community to identify the fundamental internal and external conditions that affect organizations within this complex environment. This acronym is VUCA, and it stands for volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity.
Strategic SWOT Tool for NFP Organisations, April 20, 2017 (6:16)
Moore Kingston Smith (a leading UK firm of accountants and business advisers) Partner Silvia Vitiello discusses how the strategic SWOT tool can help you develop the right strategy for your charity or not for profit organisation.
How to Perform a SWOT Analysis, October 19, 2016 (7:02)
“SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Understanding how to perform a SWOT analysis is critical to your planning process. The purpose of creating one is to formulate a synthesized view of your current state.”
PESTLE (PEST) Analysis Explained, May 26, 2016 (8:42)
“A key framework for analyzing the key features of the external business environment - PESTLE Analysis - is explained in this revision video.”
Eight Powerful Ways to Visualize an Innovative Nonprofit Business Model, June 2, 2018 (8:13)
Bryan Alexandros offers some of the tips and techniques using the Business Model Canvas. “As of May 2018, the Nonprofit Business Model Canvas has been redesigned to include more visual markers, white space, and cues. The categories and blocks are mostly the same. Nonprofit business models and revenue streams don't have to be complicated. The techniques above help you understand how your organization creates, delivers, and captures value. This is perfect for founders, consultants, marketers, and students.”
Planning: Strategic and Long-Range Planning
How Different Cultures Understand Time, Business Insider, June 1, 2014 https://www.businessinsider.com/how-different-cultures-understand-time-2014-5
Our Puny Human Brains Are Terrible at Thinking About the Future - Slate.com – April 13, 2017 https://slate.com/technology/2017/04/why-people-are-so-bad-at-thinking-about-the-future.html NOTE: This article is part of Future Tense, a collaboration among Arizona State University, New America, and Slate.
Harvard Business Review (HBR) – September 19, 2016- You May Hate Planning, But You Should Do It Anyway https://hbr.org/2016/09/you-may-hate-planning-but-you-should-do-it-anyway
Prosper Strategies – Writing Vision Statements https://prosper-strategies.com/write-nonprofit-vision-statement-will-truly-shape-future/
National Council of Nonprofits – Strategic Planning: https://www.councilofnonprofits.org/tools-resources/strategic-planning-nonprofits
Confirmation biases - 16 Key cognitive biases that impact creativity and the innovation process https://www.boardofinnovation.com/blog/16-cognitive-biases-that-kill-innovative-thinking/
PESTEL Examples by OnStrategy https://onstrategyhq.com/resources/pestle-analysis/
8+ PEST Analysis Examples & Samples in PDF https://www.examples.com/business/pest-analysis.html
PEST (PESTLE/STEEPLE) Market Analysis Tool https://www.businessballs.com/strategy-innovation/pest-market-analysis-tool/
The Matrix Map: A Powerful Tool for Mission-Focused Nonprofits, Steve Zimmerman and Jeanne Bell, April 1, 2014 – Nonprofit News, NonProfit Quarterly https://nonprofitquarterly.org/the-matrix-map-a-powerful-tool-for-mission-focused-nonprofits/
Equity and Inclusion Plans
Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Action Plan https://www.cincinnatisymphony.org/about/diversity-equity--inclusion/
Racial Equity Tools – Action Plan Examples https://www.racialequitytools.org/plan/action-plan/action-plan-examples
Equity in the Center – A project of ProinspireAwake to Woke to Work: Building a Race Equity Culture – 36-page PDF https://www.equityinthecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Equity-in-Center-Awake-Woke-Work-2019-final-1.pdf
Business Plans
Walla Walla Community College – ABC Cultural Organization Business Plan - Template https://www.wwcc.edu/extended-learning/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/sample-business-plan-2010.pdf
Business Model Generation https://canvanizer.com/
This link is to the website for the Business Model Generation book and the software version 2.0 of the Business Canvas. Link to FAQs - https://canvanizer.com/faq
MANAGEMENT THEORIES ------------------------------------------------------------
Scientific Management - Frederick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-principlesofmanagement/chapter/scientific-management/
Social Systems Theory by Chester Barnard
His book The Functions of the Executive is regarded as the most influential book on management during the pre-modern management era. https://article1000.com/chester-barnard-social-systems-theory/
The Management Theory of Mary Parker Follett, by Sammi Caramela, Feb. 21, 2018 https://www.business.com/articles/management-theory-of-mary-parker-follett/
Reviving the “Forgotten History” of a Black Business School, Academy of Management, Jan. 2022. https://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amle.2020.0127.summary
Maslow Didn’t Create the Pyramid - The popular hierarchy of needs is incorrect and inaccurate https://ndisisnd.medium.com/maslow-didnt-create-the-pyramid-391c285fc6c
McGregor's XY Theory of Management by Alan Chapman, updated 09/03/2020 https://www.businessballs.com/improving-workplace-performance/mcgregors-xy-theory-of-management/
Systems Theory of Management – “What is the systems theory of management?” by Jason Gordon, updated July 16th, 2021 https://thebusinessprofessor.com/en_US/management-leadership-organizational-behavior/systems-theory-of-management
Contingency Approach To Management https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/contingency-approach-management
What is Organizational Development? A Complete Guide, by Erik van Vulpen https://www.aihr.com/blog/organizational-development/
Planning Software
iPlanner.net – Strategy Designer ™ - Your Strategic Plan Writer – Includes a version for nonprofits https://www.iplanner.net/business-financial/online/strategy.aspx
OnStrategy - Self-guided planning to full-service strategy design – Includes planning software for Nonprofits https://onstrategyhq.com/
Envisio - Strategy and performance management for the public sector https://envisio.com/?dht1=strategic%20planning%20software
Logic Models and Theory of Change
Effective change management: in theory and action by Nima Torabi Includes Kurt Lewin’s 3-Step Change Management Model, Kotter’s 8-step Change Management Model. Ackerman and Anderson’s 9 stage model and the Kubler-Ross 5-stage change management model. https://neemz.medium.com/effective-change-management-in-theory-and-action-482f44e44d3c
Theory of Change: A Practical Tool For Action, Results and Learning
Annie E. Casey Foundation https://www.aecf.org/resources/theory-of-change/
What Works - New Zealand – Logic Model https://whatworks.org.nz/logic-model/ Center for Theory of Change – Multiple resources for TOC plus TOC software https://theoryofchange.org
DiY – Development Impact & You – Practical Tools to Trigger & Support Social Innovation https://www.socialenterprisebsr.net/2022/01/diy-toolkit-practical-tools-to-trigger-and-support-social-innovation/
National Endowment for the Arts Our Town – A Theory of Change and Logic Model for the NEAs’ Creative Placemaking Grants Program (2019) https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/Our-Town-Theory-of-Change.pdf
ArtsBoston Audience Lab Logic Model http://artsboston.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/WORKING-DRAFT-ArtsBoston-AudienceLab-Logic-Model-12.15.17.pdf
Santa Cruz Museum of Art & History – Business Model Case Study https://culturehive.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/FPM-MAH-Case-Study.pdf
Everything you (n)ever wanted to know about theory of change: an advanced workshop on theory of change applications in the arts – Link below is to a 90-minute workshop/discussion, presenters Ian David Moss and Kim Dunphy https://culturalresearchnetwork.org/theory-of-change/
‘Logic Models’ Prompt Hard Thinking About How to Achieve Results in Education – Wallace Foundation https://www.wallacefoundation.org/news-and-media/blog/pages/logic-models-prompt-hard-thinking-about-how-to-achieve-results-in-education-.aspx
In Defense of Logic Models by Ian David Moss on June 28, 2012 http://createquity.com/2012/06/in-defense-of-logic-models/
Connecting Students to the World of Work – Oregon Arts Commission
Evaluation Mini-Guide #1: LOGIC MODELS AND PROGRAM OUTCOMES https://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/WoW-MiniGuide-1-Logic-Model-and-Program-Outcomes.pdf
ArtsWave – Cincinnati, OH
Impact Measurement presentation by Tara Townsend, July 2013
Balanced Scorecard
Balanced
Scorecard Institute
https://balancedscorecard.org/
A
Full Balanced Scorecard Example (Including 6 Templates)
https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/full-exhaustive-balanced-scorecard-example/
Eight
Real-Life Balanced Scorecard Examples
Scenario Planning
Using Scenario Planning to Surface Invisible RisksStanford Social Innovation Review - By Sampriti Ganguli - Summer 2017 https://ssir.org/articles/entry/using_scenario_planning_to_surface_invisible_risks
Using Scenarios to Plan Your Museum’s COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Response – March 2020
https://www.aam-us.org/2020/03/13/using-scenarios-to-plan-your-museums-covid-19-coronavirus-response/
An Event or an Era? Resource for social sector decision-making in the context of COVID-19 Scenario Planning and the Pandemic – Monitor Institute by Deloitte https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/about-deloitte/us-deloitte-monitor-institute-scenarios-for-the-social-sector.pdf
Wallace Foundation - Navigating Uncertain Times: A Scenario Planning Toolkit for the Arts and Culture Sector – October 2020
Contingency Planning
MindTools Website – Contingency Planning https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_51.htm
Prepare for the Unexpected: A Contingency Plan for Nonprofits
https://fionta.com/news/prepare-for-the-unexpected-a-contingency-plan-for-nonprofits/
Crisis Planning
Nonprofit Risk Management Center https://nonprofitrisk.org/
Crisis Communication Plan - Nonprofit Toolkit – Colorado Nonprofit Association https://sustainingplaces.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/crisiscomm.pdf
Communicating During a Crisis – Nonprofit Risk Management Center
https://nonprofitrisk.org/resources/articles/communicating-during-a-crisis/
Decision-Making
A Brief History of Decision Making, Harvard Business Review https://hbr.org/2006/01/a-brief-history-of-decision-making
Problem-Solving and Decision-Making https://managementhelp.org/personalproductivity/problem-solving.htm
The decision-making tree - A simple to way to visualize a decision https://www.decision-making-solutions.com/decision-making-tree.html
Advanced Management Science - Decision Tree Analysis
http://amsdecisiontreeanalysis.weebly.com/how-to-solve-problems.html
Examples of Strategic Plans
Here is a mix of plans by cultural organizations in the visual and performing arts plus a city and a service organization. Use the questions posed at the end of chapter 4 (Discussion Questions and Activities Question #5) to assess the plans listed below. (Click on the plan title to link to the PDF)
Arizona - Phoenix Art Museum 2024-2030 Strategic Plan
Cleveland Museum of Art Strategic Plan
Denver’s Cultural Plan – Imagine 2020
Houston Symphony – Vision 2025 – A Strategic Plan for Transformational Change
Opera Theatre of St. Louis – Strategic Plan FY15-FY20
Philadelphia Museum Strategic Plan 2018
Seattle Shakespeare Company Strategic Plan
Ensemble Español Spanish Dance Theater Impact
Tate Vision 2020-25 – Scroll down the page for the link to the PDF
Ontario Arts Council Strategic Plan
Additional Strategic Plans:
National Endowment for the Arts Strategic Plan FY 2022-2026
https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/2022-2026-Strategic-Plan-Feb2022.pdf
Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre, Canada 2023-2026 Strategic Plan
Salt Lake City Arts Council: Strategic Plan 2021-2026
https://saltlakearts.org/images/pdfs-doc/public-docs/Salt-Lake-City-Arts-Council-Strategic-Plan_Final_compressed.pdf